The Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1930, is one of the ILO’s eight fundamental conventions. It requires ratifying states to abolish all forms of forced or compulsory labor. The Convention broadly defines forced or compulsory labor as any work or service exacted under the threat of a penalty and not offered voluntarily by the person concerned, while allowing only limited exceptions, such as compulsory military service and certain civic obligations. Japan ratified the Convention in 1932. In 1995, the ILO Committee of Experts examined the Japanese military “Comfort Women” system under the Convention for the first time and found that the confinement of women in military “comfort stations” and the coercion of sexual services fell within the scope of prohibited forced labor and could be regarded as sexual slavery. The Committee continued to address the issue in subsequent observations, while also noting that the ILO itself lacked the authority to order compensation directly.