The Association of Returnees from China (中国帰還者連絡会, Chūgoku Kikansha Renraku Kai, commonly abbreviated as Chūkiren) was established on September 24, 1957, by former soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army who had been repatriated to Japan after being detained as war criminals at the Fushun War Criminals Management Centre in China. During their detention, they underwent intensive political reeducation by the Chinese Communist Party. A year after returning to Japan, they formed the organization with the aim of promoting friendship between Japan and China and contributing to peace. Its members publicly testified about wartime atrocities, including those associated with Unit 731, the Japanese military “Comfort Women” system, and the Nanjing Massacre. They often faced fierce opposition from Japanese nationalists and militarists, who denounced them as communists or claimed that they had been “brainwashed” by the Chinese government. As its members advanced in age, the organization was dissolved in 2002.